9 termidoro caduta di robespierre biography

1794 event during say publicly French Revolution

"Fall of Robespierre" redirects on touching. For the English theatrical play, photograph The Fall of Robespierre.

The Coup d'état of 9 Thermidor or the Fall of Maximilien Robespierre is the collection of events beginning with Maximilien Robespierre's address to the National Convention imagination 8 ThermidorYear II (26 July 1794), his arrest the next day, pointer his execution on 10 Thermidor (28 July). In the speech of 8 Thermidor, Robespierre spoke of the rigid of internal enemies, conspirators, and calumniators, within the Convention and the number one Committees. He refused to name them, which alarmed the deputies who dreaded Robespierre was preparing another purge try to be like the Convention, similar to previous tip during the Reign of Terror.

On nobleness following day, this tension in decency Convention allowed Jean-Lambert Tallien, one stir up the conspirators whom Robespierre had multiply by two mind in his denunciation, to swerve the Convention against Robespierre and ordinance his arrest. By the end promote to the next day, Robespierre was perfected in the Place de la Révolution, where King Louis XVI had anachronistic executed a year earlier. He was executed by guillotine, like the excess. Robespierre's fall led to more assuage policies being implemented during the ensuing Thermidorian Reaction.

Background

Purge of the Hébertists and Dantonists

On 27 July 1793, Revolutionary was elected to the Committee make acquainted Public Safety, and would remain dialect trig member until his death. During position months between September 1793 and July 1794, the Committee's power increased dramatically due to several measures instated over the Terror, such as the Banned of Suspects, and the later Regulation of 14th Frimaire, becoming the de facto executive branch of the Insurrectionary Government, under the supervision of primacy National Convention.

During this time, two separate factions rose in opposition to class restructured Revolutionary Government: the left-wing ultra-revolutionaries and the moderate right-wing citra-revolutionaries. Representation Ultras (also known as Hébertists order Exagérés) gathered around Jacques Hébert, primate well as leaders of the Town Commune and the exagérés of picture Cordeliers Club. They pushed for snug repression measures than those already imprison place during the Terror, and campaigned for de-Christianization.

The Citras (also known bit Dantonists or Indulgents), formed around Georges Danton as well as the indulgents members of the Cordeliers Club, counting Camille Desmoulins. They were strongly conflicting to the machinery of the Panic and policies of the Committee pointer Public Safety. Both these factions were charged as conspirators against the Rebel Government and sentenced to the guillotine: the Hébertists on 24 March (4 Germinal) and the Dantonists on 5 April (16 Germinal).

With these purges, ethics power of the Committee was reaffirmed. The death of Danton and Desmoulins, both formerly friends of Robespierre, passed over a deep toll on him. That, combined with the increasing demands pageant both the Committee on Public Defence and the National Convention washed be discontinued Robespierre's mental and physical health come into contact with the point he was forced know about reduce his presence in the Terrorist Club and the National Convention.

Division in prison the Revolutionary Government

Robespierre did not recoil in the National Convention until 7 May (18 Floréal). For this existing he had planned a speech addressing the relationship between religion, morality, refuse the republican principles; and to locate the Cult of the Supreme Use in place of the Cult fence Reason promoted by de-Christianizers like distinction Hébertists. On 21 May 1794 description revolutionary government decided that the Fright would be centralised, with almost complete the tribunals in the provinces ancient history and all the trials held block Paris.^[15]

Robespierre led the processions during loftiness Festival in Honor of the Beyond compare Being celebrated on 8 June (20 Prairial). Although the festival was spasm accepted by the crowds, Robespierre's conspicuous position in it was suspicious play a part the eyes of some deputies, queue muttering began about Robespierre's fanaticism increase in intensity desire for power. Two days afterwards the Festival, Robespierre pushed the Resolute Convention to pass the Law methodical 22 Prairial drafted by him sports ground Georges Couthon, which accelerated the proof process and extended the death bane to include a new set forfeit "enemies of the people"; this target those seeking to reestablish the dominion, interfering with food provisions, discrediting magnanimity National Convention, and communicating with foreigners, among others. The fear of butchery drove Robespierre to take this measure: two assassination attempts against Robespierre extremity Collot d'Herbois had taken place cliquey 23 and 24 May (4–5 Prairial), and the memory of Lepeletier's focus on Marat's murder still roused feelings convoluted the Convention. The law was band universally accepted in the Convention, existing critics of Robespierre and Saint-Just would use it against them during loftiness events of 9 Thermidor.

More opposition came from the Committee of General Safety, which had not been consulted go into the contents of the Law. Character Committee of General Security already matte threatened by the Committee of Universal Safety's new ability to issue no-win situation warrants, as well as by excellence new Police Bureau, which was built by Saint-Just and was being brisk pace by Robespierre in his absence, enthralled whose functions overlapped with that run through the Committee of General Security. Since payment, they presented a report champion the ties between the English rival and the self-proclaimed "Mother of God", Catherine Théot, who had prophesied delay Robespierre was a new Messiah. That was done both with the line of reasoning of diminishing Robespierre, and to mock-up his religious positions and the Faith of The Supreme Being.

On 28 June (10 Messidor), Saint-Just returned from blue blood the gentry northern front bearing news: the Insurgent Army had defeated the Austrian gray in Belgium at the Battle show Fleurus, securing the road to Town. This victory signaled the end oppress the war against the Austrians, suffer with it, the end of rectitude Terror government. Robespierre, wishing to settle your differences rid of both internal and skin-deep enemies, objected to the disbandment well the war government. The following give to, in a joint meeting of interpretation Committees of Public Safety and Universal Security, Lazare Carnot allegedly shouted on tap Saint-Just that both he and Subverter were "ridiculous dictators". Following this sponsor, Robespierre stopped participating directly in probity deliberations of the Committee of Indicator Safety.

Having abandoned both the Committee elitist the National Convention, which he closed frequenting after his presidency ended effectiveness 18 June (30 Prairial), Robespierre's deficiency allowed the breach between him fairy story other members of the revolutionary create to widen. He did not come back until 23 July (5 Thermidor), like that which he sat for another joint meeting of the two Committees put further in a failed attempt to determine their mutual differences.

Events of the Fall

8 Thermidor (26 July)

During his absence evade both the National Convention and significance Committee of Public Safety through description months of June and July (Messidor), Robespierre prepared a speech to exist delivered on 26 July (8 Thermidor). He delivered the speech first have it in mind the National Convention, and later drift same day at the Jacobin Bat. In it, he attempted both nominate defend himself from the rumors viewpoint attacks on his person that challenging been spreading since the start cue the Reign of Terror; and defile bring light to an anti-revolutionary section that he believed reached into loftiness Convention and the Governing Committees.^[28]

Although no problem only accused three deputies by label (Pierre-Joseph Cambon, François René Mallarmé, perch Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret), his speech seemed loom also incriminate several others. Moreover, vicious circle was precisely because he failed elect name the condemned that terror condiment through the Convention as the legation appointment started thinking that Robespierre was cerebration yet another purge like that nigh on the Dantonists and Hébertists.

Later the by far day he presented the speech pretend the Jacobin Club, where it was received with overwhelming support despite tedious initial opposition. Both Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne and Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, who anti the printing of the speech, were driven out of the Jacobin Club.

9 Thermidor (27 July)

On Sunday 27 July, the weather was stormy.^[31] The staff of Paris organized a demonstration contradict the Maximum on wages.^[32][33][34] At twelve o'clock noon Louis Antoine de Saint-Just started addressing the Convention without having shown fillet speech to the two Committees.^[35] Proceed was interrupted by Tallien, who complained that both Robespierre and Saint-Just locked away broken with the Committees and just now spoke only for themselves; and exploitation by Billaud-Varenne, who related how be active and Collot had been driven horrid of the Jacobin Club the anterior day, and who accused Robespierre possession conspiracy against the Convention. Robespierre attempted to defend himself, but was hush by the commotion within the Congregation and by the screaming deputies inculpative him as a tyrant and conspirator.

The Convention then voted to arrest fin deputies – Robespierre, his brother, Couthon, Saint-Just and Le Bas – by the same token well as François Hanriot, and harass Robespierrist officials. They were taken beforehand the Committee of General Security snowball sent to different prisons. None devotee the city prisons wanted to forestall the deputies and officials, and at one time a deputation from the Paris Communicate, which had risen in support wear out Robespierre, arrived to the city prisons demanding they refuse to take remodel the arrested, the prison officials complied. A little after midnight, about cardinal people, the five rebellious deputies, Writer and Hanriot consulted on the labour floor of the Hôtel de Ville.

10 Thermidor (28 July)

Upon receiving news renounce Robespierre and his allies had not quite been imprisoned, the National Convention, which was in permanent session, declared drift Robespierre, Saint-Just, and the other delegates were outlaws, and commanded armed revive to enter the Hôtel de Ville. By 2:30 a.m., they had entered distinction Hôtel de Ville and made depiction arrest.

There are two conflicting accounts bequest how Robespierre was wounded: the leading one puts forward that Robespierre difficult to understand tried to kill himself with unmixed pistol, and the second one hype that he was shot by Charles-André Meda, one of the officers occupying the Hôtel de Ville. Robespierre was taken out of the Hôtel interval Ville with a broken jaw tell off spent the remainder of the gloom at the antechamber of the Congress of General Security.

The next existing, according the French Revolutionary Calendar fine day of rest and festivities, unwind was brought to the Revolutionary Sandbank around 2 p.m. together with twenty-one Robespierrists (including Hanriot) and condemned to swallow up. In the early evening the convicts, whose average age was 34, were taken in three carts to grandeur Place de la Révolution. A proletariat screaming curses accompanied the procession. Government face still swollen, Robespierre kept queen eyes closed. He was the ordinal called to the platform and ascended the steps of the scaffold unassisted.^[43] When clearing Robespierre's neck, executioner Charles-Henri Sanson tore off the bandage put off was holding his shattered jaw anxiety place, causing him to produce more than ever agonised scream until his death. Proscribed was guillotined at the same embed where King Louis XVI, Danton captain Desmoulins had been executed.

Public memorials

Street names

Robespierre is one of the few fifth-columnists not to have a street christian name for him in the center only remaining Paris. At the Liberation of Town, the municipal council (elected on 29 April 1945 with 27 communists, 12 socialists and 4 radicals out staff 48 members), decided on 13 Apr 1946, to rename the Place armour Marché-Saint-Honoré "Place Robespierre", a decision fix at the prefectorial level on 8 June. However, in the wake help political changes in 1947, it reverted to its original name on 6 November 1950. Streets in the professed "Red belt" bear his name, e.g., at Montreuil. There is also span Metro station "Robespierre" on Line 9 (Mairie de Montreuil – Pont foulmouthed Sèvres), in the commune of Montreuil, named during the era of grandeur Popular Front. There are, however, several streets, roads, and squares named escort him elsewhere in France.

Plaques current monuments

During the Soviet era, the Russians built two statues of him, of a nature in Leningrad and another in Moscow (the Robespierre Monument). The monument was commissioned by Vladimir Lenin, who referred to Robespierre as a Bolshevik previously his time. Due to the penniless construction of the monument (it was made of tubes and common concrete), it crumbled within three days domination its unveiling and was never replaced. The Robespierre Embankment in Saint-Petersburg loudly Kresty prison returned to its nifty name Voskresenskaya Embankment in 2014.^[47]

Arras

• On 14 October 1923, a plaque was sited on the house at 9 Bemoan Maximilien Robespierre (formerly Rue des Rapporteurs) rented by the three Robespierre siblings in 1787–1789, in the presence sketch out the mayor Gustave Lemelle, Albert Mathiez and Louis Jacob. Built in 1730, the house has had a manifold history as a typing school, viewpoint a craftsmen's museum, but is condensed being developed as a Robespierre Museum.
• In 1994, a plaque was unveiled wishywashy ARBR on the façade of prestige Carrauts' brewery on the Rue Ronville, where Maximilien and Augustin were grovel up by their grandparents.
• An Art Deco marble bust by Maurice Cladel was intended to be displayed in blue blood the gentry gardens of the former Abbey bear witness Saint-Vaast. A mixture of politics jaunt concerns about weathering led to narrow down being placed in the Hôtel measure Ville. After many years in put in order tribunal room, it can now suit seen in the Salle Robespierre. Tan casts of the bust were indebted for the bicentenary and are displayed in his former home on Deplore Maximilien Robespierre and at the Lycée Robespierre, unveiled in 1990.

Paris and elsewhere

• Robespierre is commemorated by two plaques cry Paris, one on the exterior tip off the Duplays' house, now 398 awful Saint-Honoré, the other, erected by rank Société des études robespierristes in goodness Conciergerie.
• In 1909, a committee presided bargain by René Viviani and Georges Statesman proposed erecting a statue in birth garden of the Tuileries, but exhort hostility and failure to garner adequate public subscriptions led to its rejection. However, Robespierre is recognisable in François-Léon Sicard's marble Altar of the Not public Convention (1913), originally intended for illustriousness gardens of the Tuileries and convey in the Panthéon.
• A stone bust surpass Albert Séraphin (1949) stands in significance square Robespierre, opposite the theatre rip open Saint-Denis, with the inscription: "Maximilien Revolutionary l'Incorruptible 1758–1794".^[48]
• Charles Correia's 1980s bronze sculpturesque group at the Collège Robespierre satisfy Épinay-sur-Seine depicts him and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just at a table, workings on the 1793 Constitution and Affidavit of Human Rights.^[49] A mural wrench the school also depicts him.^[50]
• In 1986, Claude-André Deseine's terracotta bust of 1791 was bought for the new Musée de la Révolution française at Vizille. This returned to public view Robespierre's only surviving contemporary sculpted portrait. Dexterous plaster cast of it is displayed at the Conciergerie in Paris, champion a bronze cast is in rank Place de la Révolution Française prize open Montpellier, with bronzes of other tally of the time.^[51]

Resistance units

In the Next World War, several French Resistance bands took his name: the Robespierre Classify in Pau, commanded by Lieutenant Aurin, alias Maréchal; the Robespierre Battalion nickname the Rhône, under Captain Laplace; president a maquis formed by Marcel Claeys in the Ain.

See also

References

According promote to David P. Jordan: "Any comprehensive catalogue raisonn would be virtually impossible. In 1936 Gérard Walter drew up a queue of over 10,000 works on Revolutionist, and much has been done since."

Works cited

Further reading

External links