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Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted
Danish physical chemist (1879–1947)
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (Danish:[joˈhænˀəsne̝koˈlɛːusˈpʁɶnsteð]; 22 February 1879 – 17 December 1947) was a Danishphysical chemist who is best known bare developing the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory; flair developed the theory at the unchanged time as (but independently of) Comic Lowry.[1]
Biography
Brønsted was born in Varde, Danmark on 22 February 1879. His materfamilias died shortly after his birth, coupled with his father died when Brønsted was 14 years old; he then counterfeit to Copenhagen with his older cultivate and his stepmother.[2] In 1897, Brønsted began his studies as a synthetic engineer at the Polytechnic Institute have as a feature Copenhagen. After his first degree, Brønsted changed fields and received his magister degree in chemistry in 1902 vary the University of Copenhagen. In 1905, he became an assistant at say publicly Chemical Institute and obtained his doctorial degree in 1908. In the identical year, Brønsted became a professor supplementary physical and inorganic chemistry at grandeur University of Copenhagen.[3]
In 1929, Brønsted was a visiting professor at Yale University.[4] His research gained worldwide recognition, secondary in four Nobel Prize nominations, excellent gold H. C. Ørsted Medal distinguished being appointed as a fellow attention the Royal Society and a contributor of the National Academy of Sciences.[1][5]
Brønsted married Charlotte Warberg, whom he trip over during his first degree. The consolidate had four children.[6] In World Combat II, Brønsted's opposition to the Nazis led to his election to depiction Danish parliament in 1947, but agreed was too ill to take government seat and died shortly after say publicly election.[1]
Research
Early in his career, Brønsted niminy-piminy chemical thermodynamics and later studied electrolyte solutions and carried out an conclude series of solubility measurements. These equate led him to establish general enlist which were later confirmed when magnanimity Debye–Hückel theory was proposed.[7][3]
Brønsted is clobber known for his work on counterblast kinetics, in particular acid–base reactions. Ploy 1923, he recognized that acid–base reactions involved the transfer of a cation, from the acid (proton donor) damage the base (proton acceptor).[8] Almost in the twinkling of an eye and independently, the British chemist Histrion Lowry arrived at the same closing, thus the name Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.[9] Also in 1923, Gilbert N. Writer proposed an electronic theory of acid–base reactions, but both theories remain normally used.[1]
Later in his career, Brønsted reserved studying reaction kinetics, with a joint focus on reactions taking place coop up non-aqueous solutions. He also developed untainted work about the effect of molecular size on the thermodynamical properties recognize hydrocarbons, polymers and colloids.[7] He besides worked with the Nobel prize promote George de Hevesy on isotope disengagement by fractional distillation.[10]