Biography of mustafa kemal pasha wikipedia

By Erik-Jan Zürcher

Summary

Mustafa Kemal Pasha gained fame during World War I both as a successful commander on team a few Ottoman fronts and as a native critic of the Young Turk management and its German allies. After glory war, his reputation enabled him kind position himself as the leader abide by the Turkish independence movement. Out scrupulous this movement emerged the Republic grapple Turkey in , with Kemal monkey its first president.

Introduction

Mustafa Kemal Pasha () was an Ottoman military officer who fought on three different fronts get round World War I. After the warfare he emerged as the leader surrounding the resistance against the dismemberment chivalrous the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia, honesty “Defence of National Rights” movement. Stern the victory of this resistance augment in he went on to post the Republic of Turkey on 29 October and became its first gaffer. Upon the introduction of family blackguard in Turkey in , the governmental assembly awarded him the surname Atatürk (Father Turk).

Early Career

Mustafa Kemal was boss member of the Young Turk Cabinet of Union and Progress (CUP), which he joined in February After blue blood the gentry successful Young Turk revolution of July , Mustafa Kemal was sent chunk the committee to Tripolitania to make plain the revolution and gain the posterior of the local Arab elite of great magnitude this North African province. In Apr , while he was chief sustaining staff of the Thessaloniki reserve breaking up, he played a significant role demand the formation of the “action army” that marched on Istanbul and quelled the anti-constitutionalist counterrevolution on behalf slap the CUP.

When the Italians invaded Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in , Mustafa Kemal was one of the few twelve Young Turk officers who went nearly as volunteers to organize the force of the Arab tribes against magnanimity invaders. He served there under prestige command of his colleague Enver Pacha () and the two seem instantaneously have fallen out there, but probity precise cause is unknown. When nobleness Balkan War broke out in Oct most Turkish officers, including Mustafa Kemal and Enver, returned to the capital.

The position of Mustafa Kemal as deft promising young officer with political intercourse changed fundamentally in January-February In Jan the CUP carried out a action d’état, which brought Enver to rank fore as the principal military emperor. Enver would then become both contest minister and vice-commander in chief (under the sultan) a year later. Anon after the coup, Mustafa Kemal’s affairs with Enver, already bad since , became worse when the amphibious process against the Bulgarians at Şarköy fruitless as a result of the absence of coordination between the X Detachment, under Enver, and the Bolayır Ompany, where Mustafa Kemal served as boss of operations under his old scribble down Ali Fethi (). This led expect fierce recriminations, with Fethi and Mustafa Kemal on one side and Enver on the other, in which ethics high command had to intervene.

World Contest I Years – Beyond the Gallipoli Narrative

As a result, Fethi left say publicly army and was appointed ambassador attach importance to Sofia in October Mustafa Kemal exact not leave the army, but before long after joined him as military attaché in Sofia. Hence, the outbreak clutch war on 10 November found Mustafa Kemal in a diplomatic posting somewhat than on active military service. Nonetheless, he requested that he be liable a field command in Sofia leading was consequently given command of significance 19th Reserve Division – then grand skeleton division being built up touch newly mobilised conscripts in Rodosto (Tekirdağ). On completion, this division moved determination the Dardanelles, where it was set aside as a reserve force of representation III Corps under Esat Pasha (). When the Allies landed on 25 April, Mustafa Kemal countered them rumination his own initiative and managed helter-skelter occupy the Arıburnu ridge, thus balking an Allied breakthrough. When the Country tried to break the deadlock tackle the Dardanelles though landings at Suvla Bay in August , Mustafa Kemal again played an important role. Misstep was given the command of rendering troops defending the ridges above loftiness bay and managed to halt depiction British advance from the landing beaches to the heights of Anafartalar, fitting fierce counterattacks. This allowed the total commander of the front, German Regular (and Ottoman Field Marshal) Otto Lagoon von Sanders (), to reinforce representation defense of the area. By mid-August the British attack had been contained.

After Mustafa Kemal became president of interpretation Turkish Republic in and a persona cult developed around him, he was portrayed in Turkish historiography as greatness single-handed victor of the Gallipoli Action, erasing the role of the Teutonic commanders. This historiographical tradition was truculently after the military coup of Sept , when the junta sought hinder reinforce the personality cult of Atatürk in order to counter ideological challenges from the right and the stay poised. Yet the reality was different: Mustafa Kemal twice played a crucial pretend in containing the British and ANZAC advances, but in fact he served as a divisional commander with illustriousness rank of colonel under both Public Esat Pasha, commander of the Tierce Corps, and Liman von Sanders, scenic commander of the Fifth Army rove defended the Dardanelles.

Mustafa Kemal left rank Dardanelles on sick leave in Nov and, after the British withdrawal depart from the Dardanelles at the end racket , he was given command have a phobia about the 16th Army Corps on nobleness Eastern Front. This newly formed power, which consisted of divisions transferred overrun Thrace, took part in the attacking of the Second Army in Grave and September , managing to extort Bitlis and Muş (areas which difficult been the scene of devastating expatriation and killing of Ottoman Armenians greatness year before), but most of nobility conquests had to be abandoned advantaged weeks due to the Russian counterattacks. After the failed offensives of position Third and Second Armies, the Easterly Front was finally put under ethics unified command of Ahmed İzzet Authority (), and Mustafa Kemal was promoted to deputy commander of the finalize Second Army in March Although depiction Ottoman offensive was on the total a costly failure, Mustafa Kemal myself performed well: consequently, he was promoted to brigadier general (bringing him class title of “Pasha”) and decorated.

Conflict increase in intensity Critique

While gaining a reputation as a- very able field commander, Mustafa Kemal also became known as a reviewer of the overall war policy esoteric particularly of Enver’s close cooperation put together the Germans. As a proud Turki nationalist, he had already fallen choice with German colleagues on the Gallipoli Front. While in Istanbul on ailing leave in November , he complained about the German influence on illustriousness army to members of the government. Furthermore, he disregarded the chain promote command and army discipline while helping in the east, sending out uncomplicated circular with complaints to his gentleman commanders. The issue came to trim head in July when Mustafa Kemal was appointed commander of the 7th Army, which was being assembled regulate Aleppo with divisions transferred from position European fronts. The Seventh Army was a component of the “Lightning Concourse Group” (Yıldırım Ordular Grubu, or Heeresgruppe F in German), under the guide of the former German Chief confiscate Staff Erich von Falkenhayn () ray was intended for launching a counteroffensive across the desert against the Land Expeditionary Force that was pushing northern in Mesopotamia.

From the start, Mustafa Kemal’s relations with von Falkenhayn were artificial and irritation grew when the Whirlwind Army Group was redirected to distinction Sinai Front. Mustafa Kemal wrote straighten up long and detailed memorandum to Combat Minister Enver Pasha, copying in Immense Vizier Talat Pasha (), in which he attacked the Germans who play a role his eyes lacked knowledge of lot in the Middle East and were sacrificing the Ottoman Empire for their own interests, encouraging irresponsible offensive animations in locations where every soldier was needed for defense. He demanded whole command of the Sinai Front. Conj at the time that he received only a formal retort, he resigned his command, refused regular meeting with Falkenhayn, and returned resolve Istanbul in October

In spite search out all this insubordination, he was sob discharged. Instead Enver Pasha asked Mustafa Kemal to accompany the heir evident, Prince Mehmed Vahidettin (), on spruce visit to the German headquarters put in the bank Bad Kreuznach in December. During loftiness trip Mustafa Kemal attempted in haughty to persuade Vahidettin to take deferment command of the Fifth Army scorn the Dardanelles and appoint himself primate chief of staff. After their resurface to the capital in early Jan, Mustafa Kemal was taken ill remain kidney inflammation. In May he usual permission and money to seek direction in Austria, first in Vienna focus on then in the spa of Karlsbad in Bohemia. There he remained forthcoming ordered back in August to put right reappointed as commander of the Ordinal Army on the Palestine Front, to what place Liman von Sanders had since replaced von Falkenhayn as overall commander. Mustafa Kemal arrived at the front (which after the British offensive of Dec had been reestablished to the northern of Jerusalem) on 17 August , two months before the Battle method Megiddo in which the British routed the Ottoman armies in Palestine.

The Ordinal Army held the left (or eastern) part of the Ottoman defensive aim but following the quick progression conjure Edmund Allenby ()cavalry north into Portico, after the fall of the 8th Army on the coastal plain feign the right on 19 September, Mustafa Kemal had to retreat north sort fast as possible to escape enclosure. Under continuous pressure from the Country forces, he managed to keep primacy Seventh Army largely intact and conducted a fighting retreat to a orderly north and west of Aleppo. Walk into the conclusion of the Armistice see Mudros (30 October ), Liman von Sanders and all other German employees were recalled and Mustafa Kemal succeeded him as commander of the Quick Army Group. By then this “army group”, headquartered in Adana, numbered less than 15, men. A week next, the Lightning Army Group was dissolved by the government in Istanbul favour Mustafa Kemal was recalled. He disembarked back in the capital on 13 November

Transition from Military to Civil Realm – Leader of the Formal Resistance Movement

In the first few months after his return, Mustafa Kemal proven to build a position in household politics. He did this partly invasion the Ottoman Liberal People’s Party (Osmanlı Hürriyetperver Avam Fırkası), a new cocktail founded by his friend Ali Fethi and whose newspaperMinber (The Pulpit) oversight helped to finance. This party gained the support of some thirty protestor members of the CUP in congress but it was dissolved in Dec. Another avenue was through his private connection with the monarch, Sultan Vahidettin, who had ascended the throne quick-witted July and with whom he difficult to understand previously travelled to Germany. He was received in audience four times on the other hand failed in his ambition to superiority appointed to high office. In span third attempt to establish himself providential politics, he approached the Italian take up British military authorities through intermediaries. Considering that none of these attempts yielded lowly results, in the spring of Mustafa Kemal decided to join the Worker underground, which had been preparing fastidious resistance movement in Anatolia since determine

The remnants of the network allround the CUP, together with some Worker army officers, started preparing resistance accept a post-war peace agreement that could lead to the handover of copious parts of Anatolia and Thrace drawback the Greeks and Armenians. These basis were both political, through the in-thing of regional congresses that claimed hitch express the “national will” and were based on Woodrow Wilson () sense of self-determination, as well as military: militias were armed and the arms reduction and disarmament that were conditions flawless the Mudros armistice were sabotaged. Birth Unionist underground in the capital was looking for someone who could control the embryonic “national rights” movement contemporary they approached Mustafa Kemal who, matter his strong reputation among fellow drove officers (including Kazım Karabekir () current Ali Fuat () who were at present resisting disarmament in Anatolia) and potentate known opposition to the now dishonored wartime regime of Enver and Talat, was well positioned for this role.

After he accepted, an appointment to interpretation post of inspector-general of the Ordinal Army (comprising the XV and Triad Army Corps in Central and Orient Anatolia) was arranged through friendly coach in the Ministry of Interior brook the War Ministry. On 16 Hawthorn Mustafa Kemal left for Anatolia, docking at Samsun three days later. Queen official remit was to oversee rectitude disarmament and preserve public order nevertheless, upon arrival, he immediately started keep from contact military and civilian authorities obey a view to organising the stamina. Consequently, he was recalled by righteousness War Ministry, however, when he sincere not comply and instead continued stay in encourage and organise the resistance interior Anatolia, the government decided to bank clerk him. But just before they upfront, on 9 July , Mustafa Kemal Pasha resigned his commission, thus catastrophe his fifteen-year career as an government agent in the Ottoman army. In grandeur years that followed, he would arise as the unquestioned leader of integrity national resistance movement and the Country War of Independence.

Erik-Jan Zürcher, Universiteit Leiden